Writing in Science, a team of chemists at Columbia University led by Jack Tulyag, a Ph.D.
This means that energy is lost in the form of heat, and that information transfer has a speed limit. Phonons in turn cause the particles-either electrons or electron-hole pairs called excitons-that carry energy and information around electronic devices to scatter in a matter of nanometers and femtoseconds. The atomic structure of any material vibrates, which creates quantum particles called phonons.
As ubiquitous as semiconductors have become, they come with limitations.
